Krashen's Hypotheses
Steve Krashen was a cognitivist (innatist) who believed we can acquire second languages because it is already wired into all us. He believed that we can learn a second language the same way we learn our first language. But the order of progression is not the same as learning a second language. There are 5 interrelated hypotheses of second language acquisition that Krashen explains.
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1. Acquisition/Learning Hypotheses
Language AcquisitionIn this hypotheses, Krashen explains that language acquisition is different from language learning. And when are learning language we are consciously learning and discovering the rules about a language. Such as when a child acquires their first language.
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Language LearningIn the process of language acquisition, it is subconscious. When acquiring a second language, we are subconsciously developing language by using language meaningfully.
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2. Monitor Hypotheses
When we are learning a language, we are consciously monitoring or editing language. By monitoring we are checking spelling, and any grammatical errors. Krashen explains three types of monitor users, our goal is to be optimal users when with second language acquisition by understanding the rules of our mistakes, we can correct them properly.
- Monitor Over-Users: these learners are constantly monitoring their out put all the time.
- Monitor Under-Users: these learners are not using their conscious knowledge.
- Optimal Monitor Users: these learners are monitoring appropriately.
3. Natural Order
4. Input (Comprehension) Hypotheses
Krashen explains that in order to acquire another language we have to understand the things we hear and read by being exposed to real language, this is described as comprehensible input. That looks like the i+1 model, where the I is the level of profiency of a language and +1 is the comprehensible input that is slightly above the level of profiency.
5. Affective Filter Hypotheses
The affective filter controls how much input comes in when acquiring a language. Learners with a high affective filter can acquire language due to stress and anxiety of learning a new language. Having a low affective creates low anxiety, self-confidence, and motivation. Our goal is to lower the affective filter so we can acquire new languages.
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Sources:
Colorado Department of Education. Guidebook on Designing, Delivering and Evaluating Services for English Learners (ELs). 2019. Retrieved from. https://www.cde.state.co.us/cde_english/identification-placement
Wright, W. E. (2010). Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory. Policy and Practice. Philadelphia: Caslon Publishing
Images:
http://blog.bliubliu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Dr.-Stephen-Krashen.png
http://talkwithmyneighbor.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Average-Order-1024x653.png
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/79/4a/3d/794a3db8028df6127768dc761b5bd157.jpg
Colorado Department of Education. Guidebook on Designing, Delivering and Evaluating Services for English Learners (ELs). 2019. Retrieved from. https://www.cde.state.co.us/cde_english/identification-placement
Wright, W. E. (2010). Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory. Policy and Practice. Philadelphia: Caslon Publishing
Images:
http://blog.bliubliu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Dr.-Stephen-Krashen.png
http://talkwithmyneighbor.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Average-Order-1024x653.png
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/79/4a/3d/794a3db8028df6127768dc761b5bd157.jpg